Back to: Macbeth by William Shakespeare
The play Macbeth has certain elements which are repeated throughout because through them we notice the prime concerns of the play and they also reveal to us the worldview of the playwright and his age.
Table of Contents
Fair and Foul
In the very first scene, the three witches chant together, โFair is foul, and foul is fairโ and the very first sentence by Macbeth in the play is โso foul and fair a day I have not seen.โ Further, in the play, we get to see how characters and situations look like and how in reality they turn out to be.
Banquo emphasises upon the same thing when he warns Macbeth that, โoftentimes, to win us to our harm, the instruments of darkness tell us truths, win us with honest trifles, to betray in deepest consequence.โ
When the Thane of Cawdor betrays, Duncan orders his execution and after confirming it he says,ย โThereโs no art to find the mindโs construction in the face.โ Lady Macbeth while provoking Macbeth for the future plotting asks him to learn how to look different from how he is really going to be.
Teaching him this she says, โlook like the innocent flower, but be the serpent underโtโ The play basically repeats this particular vice in human beings to show us how it drives us into the tragic downfall in life.
Observing the fair and foul theme, Macbeth delivers this dialogue, โโฆfalse face must hide what the false heartย knows.โ As if to tell us how hard it is to connectย the entirely opposite nature of things which happens in the play, Macduff says to Malcolm after his test of loyalty, โsuch welcome and unwelcome things at once, โtis hard to reconcile.โ
Blood
The play from its beginning to the end invokes blood in various ways. Blood being pictured literally to blood representing guilt inย Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, it keeps being repeated across the play. While planning to kill King Duncan, Lady Macbeth first strongly wishes to โthick my blood; stop up the access and passage to remorse.โ
Afterย murdering Duncan, Macbethโs conscience begins to be haunted. Here blood shows the severity of his guilt. He despairs whether โgreat Neptuneโs oceanโ can โwash this blood clean fromย his hand?โ and Lady Macbeth in stark contrast to him says, โMy hands are of your colour (blood), but I shame to wear a heart so white.โ
Once the Ghost of Banquo and other guests leave the banquet scene, Macbeth fears that โblood will have blood.โ While sleepwalking, Lady Macbeth reveals her internal disintegration due to guilt and says that her guilt for her involvement in herย husbandโs crime is so inerasable that โall the perfumes of Arabiaโ can not sweeten her hands.
Towards the end of the play, Macduff orders his soldiers as โharbingers of blood and death.โ In a way, it reminds us of who is the real harbinger of blood and death. Macbeth, in the end, says, โmake me bleed.โ
Manhood
The question of manhoodย recurs throughout the major portion of the play by both female and male characters. When Macbeth and Banquo confront the witches for the first time, it baffles them and in confusion, Banquo asks them that โyou should be women and yet your beards forbid me to interpret that you are so.โ
It makes us think of the physical idea of manhood during the time when the play was written. Lady Macbeth at the very instant when she receives the news from her husband for the first time, she wishes intensely to โunsexโ herself.
When Macbeth tries to give in to the moral call of his conscience, Lady Macbeth chides his manhood saying that the only moment he was a man was when he informed her of this enterprise for the first time.
When the Ghost of Banquo reveals Macbethโs terrible fear, Lady Macbethย in full anger again questions him, โare you a man?โ and when the Ghost reappears, Macbeth gathering himself dares it that โwhat man dare, I dare.โย
The Unnatural against Nature
When Macbeth and Banquo come across the three witches, Banquo questions them that they โlook not like the inhabitants oโthe earth, and yet are onโt?โ The witches may be the first unnatural foray into the natural order in the play.
When Lady Macbeth is preparing herself for the misdeeds, she asks for another unnatural intervention and she says, โstop up the access and passage to remorse, that no compunctious visitings of nature shake my fell purpose.โ
She is asking to stop her conscience to intervene and that is an unnatural demand bound to fail. After the murder of Duncan, Macbeth describes the wounds on the kingโs dead body as โa breach in nature.โ
In a scene when the old man and Ross are wonderingย about ominous happenings of that time, they discuss how unnaturally โa falcon, towering in her pride of placeโ was killed by a โmousing owl.โ The doctor comments upon the sleepwalking of Lady Macbeth as โa greatย perturbation in nature.โ
Apart from these, there is a motif of equivocation too which is emphasised in the porter scene that how truth is told in such a way that the other person can be deceived in the end. Such ill-intended half-truths are repeated throughย prophecies of the three witches and deceptions of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth.